Copper Smelting and bronze

"The six-. Six of its payment-Ju, that of the Qi Zhong Ding."
——"Zhou test the mind"
World's first bronze was found in Turkey since 9000 has been the history. China's earliest bronze in the Yangshao culture period, 6,000 years have passed. 2500 BC, the Longshan Culture Remains found in the Bronze Age copper and tin alloy, sometimes with a lead. Their pieces of uniform thickness, is more Taofan of the bronze casting. Remains of the Qijia Culture unearthed a number of bronze, brass, red copper, bronze mirror, copper crucible in whole or in pieces, and the remaining copper copper slag. This shows that in 2000 BC the Qijia Culture has entered the bronze period. Xia Dynasty is a basic grasp of the bronze metallurgy technology of the times, in the famous archaeological excavations in Henan Yanshi Erlitou unearthed a bronze Jue best describes the prevailing level of bronze, copper 92%, tin 7% of the compound Fan casting from.

Erlitou, Henan Yanshi unearthed bronze Jue

Bronze Age is the peak period, the Western Zhou Dynasty, Spring and Autumn and Warring States early, continuing for about 1,600 years. This period can be divided into the bronze at the musical instruments, weapons and miscellaneous for. Jongmyo main instruments used in worship activities. - In ceremony of ancient ritual in the use of red tape, or Chen in the temples, or for banquet, the restrooms, there are some sacrificial object is dedicated to the clay image. Bronze with a certain ceremony for the sanctity of life in general can not use the occasion. All bronze in the ceremony for the largest number, also produced the most exquisite. Ceremony for cooking include cooking, drinking, Jiuqi, water and statues category. At the instrument can be produced on behalf of the Chinese bronze ware of the highest level. Weapons in Bengo, Shu, Ji, spear, and so on. During this period the most exquisite bronze decorations, decorated text of more types. Bronze one of the most common pattern, is Taotie Wen, also known as Shoumian Wen. Shang and Zhou Tao Tiewen two generations of many types, some like dragons, like tigers, like cows, like sheep, like a deer, like birds, like the phoenix, like the people. Western Zhou Dynasty era, the mysterious Bronze decoration gradually diminish. Dragon and phoenix, is still the home of many bronze pattern that can be said of many of the tread pattern, is actually from Long Yi, Fung two major types of birds from the Evolution of decoration.

Longfeng decorated with the Bronze

Ancient Chinese bronzes have two prominent characteristics: First, the production of compact绝伦, and the other is a large, unique, showing that the ancient Jiangshi their skills and talent for creating the magnificent spirit. Ceramic composite with the production of bronze casting Fan Fan and the law, in ancient China the full development. Taofan the choice of materials, Mold, turned Fan, Making patterns are very sophisticated, pistachio casting, the casting, casting Next, stack casting technology is very mature. Then developed without the lost wax casting the points of Technology, bronze casting process is undoubtedly a big improvement. To be inlaid in bronze, to increase the sense of beauty, this technology very early on there. The materials are inlaid turquoise, jade, Hong Tong, is also useful when the Spring and Autumn gold, silver to the bronze inlaid decoration. The Western Zhou Dynasty bronze There is also a feature of inscriptions is widespread and many words, the Western Zhou Dynasty of Silla Dayu tripod has 291 characters, Maogong Ding has 497 words. These inscriptions known as Jin, not only shows that the production of exquisite bronzes and metallurgy, but also become an extremely important historical document, a card-history history of the role.
Bronze metallurgy with its magnificent grand eye-catching. Shang and Zhou bronze ware unearthed in the period, many on Baijin the ceremony, several of them to the most famous Yin Ruins in Anyang, Henan unearthed large Fangding Secretary mother E, it is the late Shang Dynasty artifacts, 133 cm high, 111 cm long, wide 79 cm, 1995 of up to 832.84 kg, is China's largest and most Shangzhoushidai the bronze, also the world's largest ancient bronze one. It Hunpu modeling magnificent, elegant solemn, tripod, covered with a pattern, people in the face of it, will feel a force, subject to certain shock, it is often the image as a symbol of ancient Chinese civilization and there.

Unearthed in the Yin Ruins in Anyang, Henan Secretary mother E major Fangding

"The six" diagram. "The six-(agent)" is "test the mind" On the alloy composition of the narrative, is the pre-Qin period of Chinese bronze ware manufacturing process concluded.

Eastern Zhou Dynasty era, metallurgy technology rapidly improved, this period of handicraft technical expertise, "the test in mind" in the production of Zhong Ding, ax jin, Ji Yi, the blade, cutting scrap vector, such as Kam Sui six bronze alloy made of Detailed provisions. Frequent because of the war, weapons casting for fast development, especially Wu, the more the sword, very sharp, who heard the world. This period also witnessed some of the famous swordsmith Jiangshi, such as go-getters, the rule of Europe and others. Some sword had been buried in the ground for more than 2,000 years, but can still cut a stack of paper. 1965 unearthed Gou Jian of Yue WANG, its surface after a certain chemical treatment, a rust-proof, the diamond-shaped patterns, abnormal gorgeous, there is no corrosion, such as the new color.

Engraved with the text of the king Fuci sword

Another two ancient bronze shocked the world is the quality of Qin Shihuang's tomb in Lintong of Shaanxi were dug by the two Tong Juma. The first ride four horses, carrying the canopy, Yuzhe to sit with. The second by 3.17 meters long, 1.06 meters high, can be said to date to explore the structure of the most complex bronze, the perfect shape and delicate, lively and horse Weimeng astounding. The two are bronze castings ride a horse, according to the emperor during his lifetime Chengyu 1 / 2 production, Tongti impose painting, there are many of the car immediately pieces of silverware, true to reproduce the emperor Chejia charisma.

Ancient Chinese copper metallurgy and the outstanding achievements of comprehensive, not only bronze, also developed the Water Law copper, brass and white copper, also speaking on the scale of metallurgy Wupi the world. Hubei Daye P. Hill, the ancient copper mine site two kilometers long from north to south, things one km wide, covering 140,000 square meters, the mine more than 50 meters deep, vertical shaft, roadway, Pingxiang, and so constitute a complete system of the mine, ore primaries Underground, roadway support, lighting, drainage, conveying and a series of complex issues have been resolved.

Tonglushan ancient copper mine in stretches of the ancient ruins of the mining shaft

Copper Mountain Spring and Autumn aeruginosa furnace recovery plans

Tonglushan ruins of the ancient copper mine hoist diagram

Production of iron and steel smelting

"There Zhe, under the iron."
—— "Tubes"
Ancient China's iron-smelting and iron manufacturing technology is extremely important significance, the iron is to push history forward the tremendous momentum. 20th Century Chinese archaeological discoveries show that China in the late Spring and Autumn Period, the production of iron on the very prosperity, to the late Warring States, has entered the manufacture of iron and iron-smelting golden age. The discovery of archaeological discoveries, powerful proof that the history of China Yetie technology is mature and more comprehensive, far ahead of all countries in the world.

Hebei Gaocheng to tomb unearthed in the iron blade of copper

Ancient World pig iron smelting technology first discovered in Central Asia, but due to iron-smelting furnace is too small, weak blast, the only chain to block the cavernous iron-smelting. From the late Spring and Autumn Period, China's iron smelting technology began独领风骚, vertical pig iron smelting iron-smelting furnace has become the main equipment. In particular to the Han Dynasty, the national franchise Yetie sophisticated skills workshops, to a large number of pig iron production.

The blast furnace blast equipment called "Tuo" (-t uó), is a skin-blower. This Tuo, Han also made a further improvement, leather produced by the wind and Mujia a capsule, into the exhaust outlet and I, together with several Tuo known as the row Tuo or exclusivity, it could increase Into the air volume, increased burning of firepower, and quickly to iron-smelting furnace temperature required by more than 1,200 degrees. The first, Tuo driven by human animal. According to historical records, then the iron-smelting, the need for hundreds of horses pulling large row Tuo blast, coupled with the shipment of ore hundreds of workers, who really strong Zhuang Ma. However, whether human or animal power blowers are unable to meet the growing needs of the iron-smelting, iron-smelting industry calls for a stronger blower there was more powerful hydraulic power blower - water row has emerged. Song Wang Zhen in the "agriculture of the" documented in detail the structure and water row principle, and graphics note. Pai is in the fast water flow from the coast of the erection of the huge wooden wheel, on the impact of water-driven round of rotation, driven by the transmission mechanism Tuo platoon rotation, which will be a strong wind into the blast furnace. Blower by including ancient hydraulic power agencies, transmission and body work into three parts have reached a considerable degree of comprehensive, production technology and the size and scale of the blast furnace in China in line with the world Wupi. Europe hydraulic blower in the 12th century.

Cast iron Han Hua Fan process map

Iron soften in ancient Chinese steel industry is another important invention. Refining iron out, because of the crisp, but not for lack of toughness forging good iron. Suitable for forging iron and cast iron, heat treatment because of the temperature and the different methods, the heart can be divided into white and black heart malleable iron malleable iron two. White Heart malleable cast iron is relatively high hardness and strength, black heart malleable iron has good impact resistant. Westerners write the history of the metallurgical works that these two extremely important, practical value of Europe and the United States are the invention of cast iron, white heart malleable cast iron is the French invented in 1722, also known as the "European-style malleable cast iron" , Black heart malleable cast iron is the invention of the Americans in 1826, also known as the "American-style malleable cast iron." However, according to historical records and archaeological findings provide evidence of China than the West as early as the past two millennia on the invention of manufacturing and white-black heart heart malleable cast iron technology. The technology is the key to long iron will be heated to high temperatures common, including changes in the compound of carbon, when the carbon content of between iron and steel, and also will change its nature, with strong scalability and maintained A certain hardness. This technology is of cast iron soften. The shovel unearthed in Luoyang, Henan, Hubei Daye Tonglushan unearthed in the ancient mine 2.60 hoe, are white heart malleable iron manufacturing.

Five Dynasties period when large cast - Iron Lion

Speculation Rail is the ancient Chinese iron and steel smelting important invention is a simple and effective iron-smelting operation. The method is too high carbon content of the malleable iron heated to Ban Liuti, and iron ore powder and then mixed up the "Fan Chao," so that elements of cast iron in the carbon leakage, oxidation, which are in low-carbon or carbon steel Steel. If we continue to go on speculation, have a lower carbon content Shutie. This approach began in the Western Han Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty, "the peace" in a clear record on speculation iron technology, in Henan's Gongxian Yetie ancient ruins also found to speculation the production of iron and iron coins speculation furnace.

An agricultural matter, the more necessary, to promote the use of iron tools at the time the development of agricultural productivity. Photograph shows the Warring States Period

Printing

"The method used clay lettering, thin lips money per word for India, the fire Kennedy." —— "Meng Xi Bi Tan"
Books, paper, printing, is a three-dimensional treasures, the development and accumulation of human civilization, the dissemination of scientific and cultural knowledge and promote the friendship between the various ethnic groups, very great credit. Printing is a complex and lengthy topic. What we are talking about printing, is spread to the rest of the world's two Block printing and print technology, which is Bi Sheng ( «- about 1051) concluded on the basis of previous experience of the invention. Block printing about the invention of the Sui and Tang dynasties, from as early as the Spring and Autumn period has been the invention of stone seals and extension of the two methods developed. The invention of paper, ink, the invention of printing to explore and perfect the Block played a facilitating role. Block printing method is: craftsmen first paste or resin coated on the board, and then write a text posted on the board translucent manuscript paper, the word has become the anti-body, carved the words carved on the board, let Highlight the word out, painted on the Mexican layout,覆上paper, brush lightly with a special brush, text printed on the board on the. China's earliest Block print Yizongxiantong 2009 is the Tang Dynasty (868), "The King Kong." Five Dynasties period, the Government's large-scale cultural institutions Marker ancient culture books, civil Marker is also very popular. Song Marker of another Buddhist classics "Tripitaka", Block of as many as 130,000. But this is too Fannan Block printing, a book often have to spend years of efforts, the Thai version of good films have a good large storage room. Block printing first spread to Korea and Japan, Japan has still kept the year 770, Block printing, "Tuo Luoni by." Block printing in the 12th century spread to Egypt, the 14th century spread to Europe.

Bisheng like

The times call for the birth of print! Song Bisheng living in the heyday Block printing times, but he no longer satisfied with this extremely complex printing techniques, through long-term practice and arduous explorations, and finally successfully invented a print of this section is economical and practical time-saving The printing method. Until the 20th century before the prevalence of type typesetting and printing was completed the principles of the invention is completely in line. Shen Kuo (1031-1095), "Meng Xi Bi Tan," Vol 18, briefly and reliable manner, a complete recording of specific printing methods. He means the three main steps: First, lettering, the first in the clay characters on Kechu Pit-word, used fire hard and become a single clay characters, according to Yun part of a special type of wood was placed on standby, the second is Do version, the characters in accordance with the script in a row Wai Mimi iron box on the plate, a plate on the pre-Fushang Rosin, wax, wax resin mixed Zhihui, get the fire on a roast, fat-burning To melt into the characters printed on wax fat, and then a pressure-plate, and remove those characters on a piece of wax fat has been printed version of the orthographic; Third, printing, in order to improve efficiency in using this piece of wax fat version Printing at the same time, another piece of typesetting plate began, the use of two alternate version, the printing speed. His characters wooden, the characters are set in accordance with commonly used words and the words were Shengpi Making a different number, for typesetting done version of use. Shen Kuo excitedly wrote: "If this is printed Shibai Qian, very rapidly." Bi, future generations inherit his creation, also invented a wooden characters. Wang Zhen-famous agronomist Yuan Dynasty in his monograph, "the farmers" in the full account of his own creation. Wang Zhen also invented an extremely effective freedom of the printing rotation roulette, a person can sit between the two roulette, free and smooth the removal of any one of the characters into the version. Wang Zhen did a test, one of the more than 60,000 words, "Jingde County Zhi", less than a month of work, has published a 100, which at the time, is a very great achievement! Wang Zhen, the board print has been very popular in China, the Ming and Qing dynasties more prevalent. Qianlong 38 years (1773), the Qing government spent over 250,000 Zaomukecheng size printing, has printed ", said Wu Yingdian-series version of" 138 kinds, a total of over 2,300 volumes, this is the history of China's largest Woodcut printing a printed book. Woodcut print, printing and researchers have invented a metal printing, the first year of the Ming Dynasty Hongzhi (1488) a copper printing, the early 16th century, has emerged lead characters.

1974 County of Shanxi should be unearthed Liao Dynasty Block printed treasures, "Yao Chi Sheng-9 map"

Albert mud Huozi Ban (model)

Print of the 14th century spread to Korea and Japan, around 1450, the German Gutenberg (Johnnes Gutenberg, about 1390 to 1399-1468) to follow the principle of China's initial print made from the lead characters.

Wang Zhen-design invention of the runner-typesetting (model)

Paper of

"Jian Gui and Jane heavy, not for people. Fallon is making Italy, with tree skin, Ma Tau and spacious cloth, nets that paper."
—— "After the Han Shu-Cai Lun"
In the long historical period, the paper is the dissemination of information and preservation of human civilization and the principal means. That the great philosopher of deep thought, a beautiful writer Qingsi, politicians of alertness wisdom, the brilliant invention of scientists, historians of serious record, mostly on paper records, preserved; constitute an important part of modern civilization Books, newspapers, letters, book-keeping, with signed, the paper files are also performing platform. The text written in ancient China has undergone several stages, first in tortoiseshell and animals Jiagu write, known as Oracle, have carved in bronze casting on the Zhongding text, adopted Spring and Autumn era of bamboo slips and wooden slips, silk is also Jian On the writing. Compared to Oracle-Bone and bronze animals, bamboo slips and silk Jian course on writing more convenient, but also to write bamboo slips can be amended, repeated use.

Oracle 3,000 years ago. Guijia Shougu human and early writing material.

The map was written for bamboo slips and Silk Book. Jian Jian and your weight, More people looking for a cheap and writing material.

However, both the Jian silk or bamboo slips have shortcomings. Bamboo slips too cumbersome, a book often use a car or even several delivery vehicles. Warring States period, the University of Huishi, often with bamboo slips to five books, "Five cars of the rich" to this idiom is that the. Some of the memorials to the Han Wudi was carrying two people to the palace, watched Han Wudi exactly two months. And Jian silk and too expensive, then the productivity of this precious textiles in general can not afford the people. The times urgently require more convenient and lightweight writing material. In fact, as early as the paper of the BC during the Western Han Dynasty have been produced, in 1957 unearthed in the suburbs of Xi'an Baqiao paper, is made of hemp and ramie, 1986 in Tianshui, Gansu unearthed in the paper drawn map also proved to be Plant fiber paper, generally is silk, as raw materials such as Ma. However, the original paper is still rather rough, not suitable for writing, paper raw materials are not sufficient. Eastern Han Dynasty eunuch, was to make Cai Lun ( «-121) on the paper of a revolutionary transformation, greatly expanding the sources of raw materials. He used bark, Ma Tau, Hiroo broken, broken nets as raw materials, through flooding, chopped, plant ash cooking, washing water, broken up Shijiu make pulp, and then the pulp evenly in the flat on the tile, or open air dry Baking down on paper has become. This paper for thousands of years in the long history of continuous development to improve the increasingly mature perfect, but there has been using bamboo curtain fish for a new method of pulp, paper source of the raw materials have been further expanded, bamboo, reed, rattan , Rice straw, wheat straw, hemp, mulberry bark, bark or even Sandalwood Chu bark, and so can be recycled paper. With the improvement of skills and create the Tao Xue Jian, 10-Jian, Cheng Xin Tong paper, Anhua certificates of compliance and so fine varieties, or white as snow, or lubrication Ruyu, a cloud or video Takifugu…… until today, the Guangdong Four villages in the outskirts of the residents of Deng Cai Lun paper retained all the skills, according to Cai Lun paper making processes, to enrich the local bamboo as raw material, to create the quality is extremely good Zhu Zhi, exported to Southeast Asian countries. People visit the papermaking process, as if into history, Cai Lun paper to review the entire process.

Papermaking process map

Cai Lun like

China's paper of the first to spread to Korea and Vietnam, came to Japan in the seventh century, the 8th century into the Arab world, into the mid-12th century Europe, 400 years after the introduction of South America. China in the 2nd century BC to the 18th century in 2000, has been in a paper of the world's leading position on the dissemination of knowledge and records of the accumulation of culture and communication has played an inestimable role to play. British philosopher Francis Bacon in the evaluation of recycled paper, including the four great inventions in China, said: "They changed the world outlook on things and all the state, resulting in numerous changes do not seem to an empire, No religion, no prominent figures, the cause of humanity than those who display their mechanical inventions have greater power and influence. "

Gunpowder

"Glass of Zhiyin, sulfur and yang, yin and yang, the two met in the Shenwu be no gap in capacity."
—— "Heavenly Creations"
China's four great inventions of gunpowder is one of ancient Chinese science and technology one of the outstanding representatives. Gunpowder was invented by the ancient Liandan garage, its main ingredient is sulfur, charcoal and niter. It was invented in the Tang Dynasty, in the mature development of the Song Dynasty. Gunpowder, as the name suggests is that the drug can catch fire, which the ingredients are sulfur and niter. In the Han Dynasty, "Shen Nong's Materia Medica", niter, sulphur have been listed as important ingredients, Ming Li Shizhen (1518-1593) "Compendium of Materia Medica," also said that the gunpowder can be sore for ringworm, can insecticide. Liandan garage were not invented to Zhangshengbulao the Xiandan, has accumulated a wealth of knowledge of chemistry. Since the chemical nature of active sulfur, toxicity is too large, easy to fire, so they will niter, charcoal mixed up with heating, niter is a strong oxidant, will make some sulphur combustion, reducing its toxicity, thereby reducing the easy nature of the fire. This approach was then a Chinese medicine experts Sun Simiao (581-682) in its chemical nature of the book "Dan, as" known as the "V sulphur Act." V sulphur in the implementation of the process, he found, sulphur, niter (potassium nitrate), charcoal can be properly mixed together to produce an explosion. The technology spread to the hands of the military handicraft artisans, they began the formulation of raw materials strengthen the research, after several tests, several changes in the ratio of raw materials, finally mastered the gunpowder explosion in the seal under the conditions of the skills so that the powder can become Control of the usefulness of explosives.

Liandan garage were not invented to Zhangshengbulao the Xiandan, Has accumulated a wealth of knowledge of chemistry. Map Liandan explosion map.

Gunpowder widely used in firecrackers. Fang Baozhu old map of where the holidays.

Northern Song Dynasty, the history of engineering and technical experts in its public-dedicated "to force the total" (1044), detailed records of the three explosives formula: gunpowder, artillery, poison smoke of gunpowder, ball, gunpowder, Tribulus terrestris fireball. "The force must be" also succinctly described several methods and the production of gunpowder ratio of raw materials. We can see that the niter in which the proportion has exceeded the sum of sulfur and charcoal, are close to the proportion of modern black gunpowder. Shortly afterward, the creation of the Northern Song Dynasty and the use of gunpowder to the severity of various weapons, the most famous is the "sudden guns", it also became the beginning of modern guns. The 13th century, soldiers Xizheng of the Yuan Dynasty in Central Asia, gunpowder and artillery technology spread to the Arab world and by Arabs spread to Europe. European manufacturers of gunpowder recorded in the Formula 1327.

Northern Song "-as always," recorded by the powder formula

Ming-Shenhuo Manado, the unborn with gunpowder, can fly more than 100 Zhang, after landing can burn the enemy's barracks food.

Compass

"Before God Xingdoushan step, if Hui Ming, with floating guide needle."

"Sun and the Fengshi Korea plans"
Used to indicate the direction of the compass. Compass and a guide to the two inventions, the compass structure is relatively simple, flexible mainly by a rotating magnetic pointer and a position of Dial composition, indicators point to the South forever, and guide to the key position is the compass, but otherwise a complex The gear drive system, small car, Xiao Mu people will never point to the south. Invented the compass and guide to the key, found longitudinal between heaven and earth is the kind of singular and invisible magnetic and magnetic line. This extremely weak magnetic force, but enough for the minimum quality, they can turn the magnet or magnetic metal pointer in Mobile, and indicators at any time, always pointing to the south. Although people can not correctly explain the source of the magnetic force, I do not know the Earth's magnetic pole and the north and south magnetic pole, but they are extremely intelligent use of this discovery, invented the compass.

Ma Jun, the three countries created a guide to car (model). It uses gear transmission system and Clutch installation instructions direction, under certain conditions, to the car, Muren arm remained Guide.

Water float compass (model). A magnetic fish-Ciwan on the surface, Still, the fish were indicative of both North and South.

Palygorskite hanging of the compass (model). Silk alone will root paste wax with the central part of the needle, The needle down in the center position was at the top, still, at both ends of its north-south direction, respectively.

The first legend is that the common ancestor of the Chinese nation one of the Shennong Shi and another powerful tribal leader Chiyou operations, encountered heavy fog, thus大败. Shennong Shi to the more powerful and more prestigious seek help from the Yellow Emperor, Huangdi created a guide to car gave Shennong Shi, let him in the fog also can tell the direction, then defeated the Chiyou. Another legend is that before 3000, Zhou Wuwang cutting Wang Yan Zhou, the establishment of Zhou Dynasty, HE States to assist the Duke of Zhou Wang rule Shangji from Vietnam in the Sang's Guide to a car, so that they can identify the direction, Smooth return home. These beautiful legends no precise historical research, the real history can never be verified in that volatile around the Three Kingdoms period, the inventor Ma Jun re-create the long-lost to the guidelines, but the guide to the practice of records also unknown. Until the Northern Song period, the scientist Shen Kuo (1031-1095) was in his encyclopedic masterpiece of science, "Meng Xi Bi Tan" in the compass of several types of movement carried out a detailed description of: water float, palygorskite hanging, nail Law And the bowl lip law. China is the earliest use of the compass of the national guidelines Sea, the compass of the invention and spread of the West, the Hang Haiye had a great impact, is considered China's enormous contributions to mankind. Back in the early 12th century AD, the Northern Song Dynasty government had sent a huge fleet mission to North Korea, the records of the mission after the "sun and the Fengshi Korea plans," said the fleet sailing, night "before God Xingdoushan step, if Hui Ming, Guidelines used floating needle. " The use of the compass, made up solely rely on observation of celestial phenomena navigation deficiencies, opened a new era of all-weather navigation. Compass spread through the Silk Road in the Arab and later spread into Europe. European use of the compass navigation around the beginning of the 12th century.

The use of the compass for the development of the cause of the Sea. Map "Tianfei the" Juanshou the Ming Dynasty Zheng He map.

Four great inventions is the most important invention?

Four great inventions is the most important invention?

Millennium on the prosperity of the Silk Road, is the ancient Chinese and the world at the main channel for the exchange.
Four great inventions of the Chinese people is not the conclusion, but the Chinese civilization realistic judgement of the foreign scholars. The cultural value of the four great inventions of the world recognized by the United States scholars Dekebode (Derk Bodde ,1909-2003) said: "Tang Shi no paper and printing, we will continue to live in the Middle Ages. If there is no gunpowder, the world might be less The pain point, but on the other hand, wear armor medieval Europe that the Cavaliers are likely to remain in their moat around the castle Chenwangchengba and extreme arrogance, and our society may still in the feudal system of slavery under. Finally , If there is no compass, geographical discovery of the times may never come, it is this geographical discovery of the times to stimulate Europe's material and cultural life, to bring knowledge of the people were not aware of the world, including the United States. " Francis Bacon said: "We should see a variety of inventions by the strength, effectiveness and consequences of these inventions, no matter where the point of view, such as the ancients are not unheard of those inventions, that is, printing, gunpowder and the compass more惹人Attention because it has three inventions so that the whole world outlook and one of the conditions for change. "As Bacon in the scientific and philosophical aspects of the lofty impact of the four great inventions theory is widely recognized and dissemination. But the four great inventions of that does not necessarily reflect the accurate and comprehensive scientific and technological inventions in ancient China's achievements, it is from the East-West exchanges made by the judge at this level, in particular the four great inventions in Europe to promote the development of capitalism as a powerful driving force in Western history has made remarkable achievements. Thus, it was the lack of several Western and most in need of technology as China's most important scientific and technological achievements. In fact, the ancient Chinese science and technology achievements far more than the four major inventions in farming technology, iron smelting of copper, oil coal mining, machinery production, Chinese medicine, astronomy, mathematics, ceramics, silk and wine, and so have achieved fruitful The tremendous achievements, and these Guojiminsheng, and people's daily life in areas closely related to the achievements of an extremely powerful impetus to China's productive forces and social life of ancient progress. Some of the value of the invention is far more than the four great inventions, many of the invention, at least four great inventions and great achievements in par. In a more comprehensive account of ancient Chinese invented before, we still have world-renowned from the start with the four great inventions, for a brief review.

China invented Yuanbo five continents, four oceans, the development of world civilization made a great contribution.

When the paper popular in Europe, the Middle Ages coming to an end the long, the dawn of the Renaissance came the beginning. Map of Europe during the Renaissance of the manuscript.

The splendid ancient Chinese science and technology

The splendid ancient Chinese science and technology

The Western world many people know that China has four major inventions, but addition, they know very little about China's past. In fact, China is an important human civilization originated, has Evolved from the brilliant civilization of ancient technology, and in the history of civilization is taking most of the time, in the forefront of the world, until the mid-19th century, China is still a world of advanced Countries. China's science and technology comes from "nearly all are admitted, far from all of", "Yangguan astronomy, geography prone Review" for observation and research, systems and formed a "Harmony" concept, created a rich sound science Technology, nurtured the Chinese culture and Chinese civilization, it also made a significant contribution to all mankind.

Western Han Dynasty long letter Palace gilt gold-copper lamps, Mancheng, Hebei Jing Wang Sheng Liu Zhongshan tombs unearthed.

China's rapid economic development shocked the world, China's influence in the global expansion, regardless of economic, cultural, scientific and technological development or social progress are constantly; concerns of the world put eyes on this ancient and great country, but also want to know China's past, from exploring the driving force behind its rapid development. The Western world many people know that China has four major inventions, but addition, they know very little about China's past. In fact, China is an important human civilization originated, has Evolved from the brilliant civilization of ancient technology, and in the history of civilization is taking most of the time, in the forefront of the world, until the mid-19th century, China is still a world of advanced Countries. China's science and technology comes from "nearly all are admitted, far from all of", "Yangguan astronomy, geography prone Review" for observation and research, systems and formed a "Harmony" concept, created a rich sound science Technology, nurtured the Chinese culture and Chinese civilization, it also made a significant contribution to all mankind. Ancient Chinese invention, is not a topic that is not the excavation of a rich treasure.

Han Si Nan (model)