Printing

"The method used clay lettering, thin lips money per word for India, the fire Kennedy." —— "Meng Xi Bi Tan"
Books, paper, printing, is a three-dimensional treasures, the development and accumulation of human civilization, the dissemination of scientific and cultural knowledge and promote the friendship between the various ethnic groups, very great credit. Printing is a complex and lengthy topic. What we are talking about printing, is spread to the rest of the world's two Block printing and print technology, which is Bi Sheng ( «- about 1051) concluded on the basis of previous experience of the invention. Block printing about the invention of the Sui and Tang dynasties, from as early as the Spring and Autumn period has been the invention of stone seals and extension of the two methods developed. The invention of paper, ink, the invention of printing to explore and perfect the Block played a facilitating role. Block printing method is: craftsmen first paste or resin coated on the board, and then write a text posted on the board translucent manuscript paper, the word has become the anti-body, carved the words carved on the board, let Highlight the word out, painted on the Mexican layout,覆上paper, brush lightly with a special brush, text printed on the board on the. China's earliest Block print Yizongxiantong 2009 is the Tang Dynasty (868), "The King Kong." Five Dynasties period, the Government's large-scale cultural institutions Marker ancient culture books, civil Marker is also very popular. Song Marker of another Buddhist classics "Tripitaka", Block of as many as 130,000. But this is too Fannan Block printing, a book often have to spend years of efforts, the Thai version of good films have a good large storage room. Block printing first spread to Korea and Japan, Japan has still kept the year 770, Block printing, "Tuo Luoni by." Block printing in the 12th century spread to Egypt, the 14th century spread to Europe.

Bisheng like

The times call for the birth of print! Song Bisheng living in the heyday Block printing times, but he no longer satisfied with this extremely complex printing techniques, through long-term practice and arduous explorations, and finally successfully invented a print of this section is economical and practical time-saving The printing method. Until the 20th century before the prevalence of type typesetting and printing was completed the principles of the invention is completely in line. Shen Kuo (1031-1095), "Meng Xi Bi Tan," Vol 18, briefly and reliable manner, a complete recording of specific printing methods. He means the three main steps: First, lettering, the first in the clay characters on Kechu Pit-word, used fire hard and become a single clay characters, according to Yun part of a special type of wood was placed on standby, the second is Do version, the characters in accordance with the script in a row Wai Mimi iron box on the plate, a plate on the pre-Fushang Rosin, wax, wax resin mixed Zhihui, get the fire on a roast, fat-burning To melt into the characters printed on wax fat, and then a pressure-plate, and remove those characters on a piece of wax fat has been printed version of the orthographic; Third, printing, in order to improve efficiency in using this piece of wax fat version Printing at the same time, another piece of typesetting plate began, the use of two alternate version, the printing speed. His characters wooden, the characters are set in accordance with commonly used words and the words were Shengpi Making a different number, for typesetting done version of use. Shen Kuo excitedly wrote: "If this is printed Shibai Qian, very rapidly." Bi, future generations inherit his creation, also invented a wooden characters. Wang Zhen-famous agronomist Yuan Dynasty in his monograph, "the farmers" in the full account of his own creation. Wang Zhen also invented an extremely effective freedom of the printing rotation roulette, a person can sit between the two roulette, free and smooth the removal of any one of the characters into the version. Wang Zhen did a test, one of the more than 60,000 words, "Jingde County Zhi", less than a month of work, has published a 100, which at the time, is a very great achievement! Wang Zhen, the board print has been very popular in China, the Ming and Qing dynasties more prevalent. Qianlong 38 years (1773), the Qing government spent over 250,000 Zaomukecheng size printing, has printed ", said Wu Yingdian-series version of" 138 kinds, a total of over 2,300 volumes, this is the history of China's largest Woodcut printing a printed book. Woodcut print, printing and researchers have invented a metal printing, the first year of the Ming Dynasty Hongzhi (1488) a copper printing, the early 16th century, has emerged lead characters.

1974 County of Shanxi should be unearthed Liao Dynasty Block printed treasures, "Yao Chi Sheng-9 map"

Albert mud Huozi Ban (model)

Print of the 14th century spread to Korea and Japan, around 1450, the German Gutenberg (Johnnes Gutenberg, about 1390 to 1399-1468) to follow the principle of China's initial print made from the lead characters.

Wang Zhen-design invention of the runner-typesetting (model)

Paper of

"Jian Gui and Jane heavy, not for people. Fallon is making Italy, with tree skin, Ma Tau and spacious cloth, nets that paper."
—— "After the Han Shu-Cai Lun"
In the long historical period, the paper is the dissemination of information and preservation of human civilization and the principal means. That the great philosopher of deep thought, a beautiful writer Qingsi, politicians of alertness wisdom, the brilliant invention of scientists, historians of serious record, mostly on paper records, preserved; constitute an important part of modern civilization Books, newspapers, letters, book-keeping, with signed, the paper files are also performing platform. The text written in ancient China has undergone several stages, first in tortoiseshell and animals Jiagu write, known as Oracle, have carved in bronze casting on the Zhongding text, adopted Spring and Autumn era of bamboo slips and wooden slips, silk is also Jian On the writing. Compared to Oracle-Bone and bronze animals, bamboo slips and silk Jian course on writing more convenient, but also to write bamboo slips can be amended, repeated use.

Oracle 3,000 years ago. Guijia Shougu human and early writing material.

The map was written for bamboo slips and Silk Book. Jian Jian and your weight, More people looking for a cheap and writing material.

However, both the Jian silk or bamboo slips have shortcomings. Bamboo slips too cumbersome, a book often use a car or even several delivery vehicles. Warring States period, the University of Huishi, often with bamboo slips to five books, "Five cars of the rich" to this idiom is that the. Some of the memorials to the Han Wudi was carrying two people to the palace, watched Han Wudi exactly two months. And Jian silk and too expensive, then the productivity of this precious textiles in general can not afford the people. The times urgently require more convenient and lightweight writing material. In fact, as early as the paper of the BC during the Western Han Dynasty have been produced, in 1957 unearthed in the suburbs of Xi'an Baqiao paper, is made of hemp and ramie, 1986 in Tianshui, Gansu unearthed in the paper drawn map also proved to be Plant fiber paper, generally is silk, as raw materials such as Ma. However, the original paper is still rather rough, not suitable for writing, paper raw materials are not sufficient. Eastern Han Dynasty eunuch, was to make Cai Lun ( «-121) on the paper of a revolutionary transformation, greatly expanding the sources of raw materials. He used bark, Ma Tau, Hiroo broken, broken nets as raw materials, through flooding, chopped, plant ash cooking, washing water, broken up Shijiu make pulp, and then the pulp evenly in the flat on the tile, or open air dry Baking down on paper has become. This paper for thousands of years in the long history of continuous development to improve the increasingly mature perfect, but there has been using bamboo curtain fish for a new method of pulp, paper source of the raw materials have been further expanded, bamboo, reed, rattan , Rice straw, wheat straw, hemp, mulberry bark, bark or even Sandalwood Chu bark, and so can be recycled paper. With the improvement of skills and create the Tao Xue Jian, 10-Jian, Cheng Xin Tong paper, Anhua certificates of compliance and so fine varieties, or white as snow, or lubrication Ruyu, a cloud or video Takifugu…… until today, the Guangdong Four villages in the outskirts of the residents of Deng Cai Lun paper retained all the skills, according to Cai Lun paper making processes, to enrich the local bamboo as raw material, to create the quality is extremely good Zhu Zhi, exported to Southeast Asian countries. People visit the papermaking process, as if into history, Cai Lun paper to review the entire process.

Papermaking process map

Cai Lun like

China's paper of the first to spread to Korea and Vietnam, came to Japan in the seventh century, the 8th century into the Arab world, into the mid-12th century Europe, 400 years after the introduction of South America. China in the 2nd century BC to the 18th century in 2000, has been in a paper of the world's leading position on the dissemination of knowledge and records of the accumulation of culture and communication has played an inestimable role to play. British philosopher Francis Bacon in the evaluation of recycled paper, including the four great inventions in China, said: "They changed the world outlook on things and all the state, resulting in numerous changes do not seem to an empire, No religion, no prominent figures, the cause of humanity than those who display their mechanical inventions have greater power and influence. "

Gunpowder

"Glass of Zhiyin, sulfur and yang, yin and yang, the two met in the Shenwu be no gap in capacity."
—— "Heavenly Creations"
China's four great inventions of gunpowder is one of ancient Chinese science and technology one of the outstanding representatives. Gunpowder was invented by the ancient Liandan garage, its main ingredient is sulfur, charcoal and niter. It was invented in the Tang Dynasty, in the mature development of the Song Dynasty. Gunpowder, as the name suggests is that the drug can catch fire, which the ingredients are sulfur and niter. In the Han Dynasty, "Shen Nong's Materia Medica", niter, sulphur have been listed as important ingredients, Ming Li Shizhen (1518-1593) "Compendium of Materia Medica," also said that the gunpowder can be sore for ringworm, can insecticide. Liandan garage were not invented to Zhangshengbulao the Xiandan, has accumulated a wealth of knowledge of chemistry. Since the chemical nature of active sulfur, toxicity is too large, easy to fire, so they will niter, charcoal mixed up with heating, niter is a strong oxidant, will make some sulphur combustion, reducing its toxicity, thereby reducing the easy nature of the fire. This approach was then a Chinese medicine experts Sun Simiao (581-682) in its chemical nature of the book "Dan, as" known as the "V sulphur Act." V sulphur in the implementation of the process, he found, sulphur, niter (potassium nitrate), charcoal can be properly mixed together to produce an explosion. The technology spread to the hands of the military handicraft artisans, they began the formulation of raw materials strengthen the research, after several tests, several changes in the ratio of raw materials, finally mastered the gunpowder explosion in the seal under the conditions of the skills so that the powder can become Control of the usefulness of explosives.

Liandan garage were not invented to Zhangshengbulao the Xiandan, Has accumulated a wealth of knowledge of chemistry. Map Liandan explosion map.

Gunpowder widely used in firecrackers. Fang Baozhu old map of where the holidays.

Northern Song Dynasty, the history of engineering and technical experts in its public-dedicated "to force the total" (1044), detailed records of the three explosives formula: gunpowder, artillery, poison smoke of gunpowder, ball, gunpowder, Tribulus terrestris fireball. "The force must be" also succinctly described several methods and the production of gunpowder ratio of raw materials. We can see that the niter in which the proportion has exceeded the sum of sulfur and charcoal, are close to the proportion of modern black gunpowder. Shortly afterward, the creation of the Northern Song Dynasty and the use of gunpowder to the severity of various weapons, the most famous is the "sudden guns", it also became the beginning of modern guns. The 13th century, soldiers Xizheng of the Yuan Dynasty in Central Asia, gunpowder and artillery technology spread to the Arab world and by Arabs spread to Europe. European manufacturers of gunpowder recorded in the Formula 1327.

Northern Song "-as always," recorded by the powder formula

Ming-Shenhuo Manado, the unborn with gunpowder, can fly more than 100 Zhang, after landing can burn the enemy's barracks food.

Compass

"Before God Xingdoushan step, if Hui Ming, with floating guide needle."

"Sun and the Fengshi Korea plans"
Used to indicate the direction of the compass. Compass and a guide to the two inventions, the compass structure is relatively simple, flexible mainly by a rotating magnetic pointer and a position of Dial composition, indicators point to the South forever, and guide to the key position is the compass, but otherwise a complex The gear drive system, small car, Xiao Mu people will never point to the south. Invented the compass and guide to the key, found longitudinal between heaven and earth is the kind of singular and invisible magnetic and magnetic line. This extremely weak magnetic force, but enough for the minimum quality, they can turn the magnet or magnetic metal pointer in Mobile, and indicators at any time, always pointing to the south. Although people can not correctly explain the source of the magnetic force, I do not know the Earth's magnetic pole and the north and south magnetic pole, but they are extremely intelligent use of this discovery, invented the compass.

Ma Jun, the three countries created a guide to car (model). It uses gear transmission system and Clutch installation instructions direction, under certain conditions, to the car, Muren arm remained Guide.

Water float compass (model). A magnetic fish-Ciwan on the surface, Still, the fish were indicative of both North and South.

Palygorskite hanging of the compass (model). Silk alone will root paste wax with the central part of the needle, The needle down in the center position was at the top, still, at both ends of its north-south direction, respectively.

The first legend is that the common ancestor of the Chinese nation one of the Shennong Shi and another powerful tribal leader Chiyou operations, encountered heavy fog, thus大败. Shennong Shi to the more powerful and more prestigious seek help from the Yellow Emperor, Huangdi created a guide to car gave Shennong Shi, let him in the fog also can tell the direction, then defeated the Chiyou. Another legend is that before 3000, Zhou Wuwang cutting Wang Yan Zhou, the establishment of Zhou Dynasty, HE States to assist the Duke of Zhou Wang rule Shangji from Vietnam in the Sang's Guide to a car, so that they can identify the direction, Smooth return home. These beautiful legends no precise historical research, the real history can never be verified in that volatile around the Three Kingdoms period, the inventor Ma Jun re-create the long-lost to the guidelines, but the guide to the practice of records also unknown. Until the Northern Song period, the scientist Shen Kuo (1031-1095) was in his encyclopedic masterpiece of science, "Meng Xi Bi Tan" in the compass of several types of movement carried out a detailed description of: water float, palygorskite hanging, nail Law And the bowl lip law. China is the earliest use of the compass of the national guidelines Sea, the compass of the invention and spread of the West, the Hang Haiye had a great impact, is considered China's enormous contributions to mankind. Back in the early 12th century AD, the Northern Song Dynasty government had sent a huge fleet mission to North Korea, the records of the mission after the "sun and the Fengshi Korea plans," said the fleet sailing, night "before God Xingdoushan step, if Hui Ming, Guidelines used floating needle. " The use of the compass, made up solely rely on observation of celestial phenomena navigation deficiencies, opened a new era of all-weather navigation. Compass spread through the Silk Road in the Arab and later spread into Europe. European use of the compass navigation around the beginning of the 12th century.

The use of the compass for the development of the cause of the Sea. Map "Tianfei the" Juanshou the Ming Dynasty Zheng He map.

Four great inventions is the most important invention?

Four great inventions is the most important invention?

Millennium on the prosperity of the Silk Road, is the ancient Chinese and the world at the main channel for the exchange.
Four great inventions of the Chinese people is not the conclusion, but the Chinese civilization realistic judgement of the foreign scholars. The cultural value of the four great inventions of the world recognized by the United States scholars Dekebode (Derk Bodde ,1909-2003) said: "Tang Shi no paper and printing, we will continue to live in the Middle Ages. If there is no gunpowder, the world might be less The pain point, but on the other hand, wear armor medieval Europe that the Cavaliers are likely to remain in their moat around the castle Chenwangchengba and extreme arrogance, and our society may still in the feudal system of slavery under. Finally , If there is no compass, geographical discovery of the times may never come, it is this geographical discovery of the times to stimulate Europe's material and cultural life, to bring knowledge of the people were not aware of the world, including the United States. " Francis Bacon said: "We should see a variety of inventions by the strength, effectiveness and consequences of these inventions, no matter where the point of view, such as the ancients are not unheard of those inventions, that is, printing, gunpowder and the compass more惹人Attention because it has three inventions so that the whole world outlook and one of the conditions for change. "As Bacon in the scientific and philosophical aspects of the lofty impact of the four great inventions theory is widely recognized and dissemination. But the four great inventions of that does not necessarily reflect the accurate and comprehensive scientific and technological inventions in ancient China's achievements, it is from the East-West exchanges made by the judge at this level, in particular the four great inventions in Europe to promote the development of capitalism as a powerful driving force in Western history has made remarkable achievements. Thus, it was the lack of several Western and most in need of technology as China's most important scientific and technological achievements. In fact, the ancient Chinese science and technology achievements far more than the four major inventions in farming technology, iron smelting of copper, oil coal mining, machinery production, Chinese medicine, astronomy, mathematics, ceramics, silk and wine, and so have achieved fruitful The tremendous achievements, and these Guojiminsheng, and people's daily life in areas closely related to the achievements of an extremely powerful impetus to China's productive forces and social life of ancient progress. Some of the value of the invention is far more than the four great inventions, many of the invention, at least four great inventions and great achievements in par. In a more comprehensive account of ancient Chinese invented before, we still have world-renowned from the start with the four great inventions, for a brief review.

China invented Yuanbo five continents, four oceans, the development of world civilization made a great contribution.

When the paper popular in Europe, the Middle Ages coming to an end the long, the dawn of the Renaissance came the beginning. Map of Europe during the Renaissance of the manuscript.